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Bliddal, H., Blankenburg, M., Jain, A. B., Lohmander, L. S., Maheu, E., Menkes, C. J., Morales-Torres, J., Osborn, C., Tiulpin, A., & Christgau, S. (2024). Once-weekly semaglutide in persons with obesity and knee osteoarthritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 391(17), 1573–1583. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2403664

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Crawford, T. O., Swoboda, K. J., De Vivo, D. C., Bertini, E., Hwu, W.-L., Finkel, R. S., Darras, B. T., Kuntz, N. L., Iannaccone, S. T., Kirschner, J., Muntoni, F., Shieh, P. B., & Mercuri, E. (2025). Safety and efficacy of apitegromab in nonambulatory type 2 or type 3 spinal muscular atrophy (SAPPHIRE): A phase 3, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet Neurology, 24(9), 727–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(25)00225-x

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Cuomo, R. E. (2025). The influence of GLP-1 receptor agonists on five-year mortality in colon cancer patients. Cancer Investigation, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/07357907.2025.2585512

Dalle Grave, R. (2024). Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and obesity associated with eating disorders. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 6, 15–24. https://doi.org/10.32044/ijedo.2024.02

Dalal, M. (2025, May). Gym, health & fitness clubs in the US: Market research report (2015–2030). IBISWorld. https://www.ibisworld.com/united-states/industry/gym-health-fitness-clubs/1655/

Darwish, R., Abu-Sharia, G., & Butler, A. E. (2025). History of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists. Pharmacological Research, 222, 108045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2025.108045

Deng, H., Yin, J., Zhang, J., Hu, X., Li, Q., Yan, J., & Weng, J. (2019). Effect of baseline body mass index on glycemic control and weight change with exenatide monotherapy in Chinese drug-naïve type 2 diabetic patients. Journal of Diabetes, 11(7), 509–518. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-0407.12883

Dickey, D. (2025, January 28). Can Ozempic lead to divorce? Here's everything to know, according to a psychologist. Purewow. https://www.purewow.com/wellness/ozempic-divorce

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Edison, P. (2024, July 30). GLP-1 drug liraglutide may protect against dementia [Conference presentation]. Alzheimer's Association International Conference 2024. https://aaic.alz.org/downloads2024/AAIC-2024-GLP-1-Ph2-trial.pdf

Eli Lilly and Company. (2023, March 27). Lilly invests $1.5 billion in new manufacturing facilities. https://www.lilly.com/news/stories/new-manufacturing-facilities

Eli Lilly and Company. (2024, August 20). Tirzepatide reduced the risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 94% in adults with pre-diabetes and obesity or overweight. https://investor.lilly.com/news-releases/news-release-details/tirzepatide-reduced-risk-developing-type-2-diabetes-94-adults

Eli Lilly and Company. (2024, June 24). Lilly's tirzepatide reduced obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity, with up to 51.5% of participants meeting the criteria for disease resolution [Press release]. PR Newswire. https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/lilly-s-tirzepatide-reduced-obstructive-sleep-apnea-osa-severity-with-up-to-51-5-of-participants-meeting-the-criteria-for-disease-resolution-836799580.html

Global Wellness Institute. (2024, November). Wellness economy statistics & facts. https://globalwellnessinstitute.org/press-room/statistics-and-facts/

Goodman, B. (2024, December 9). 'Lifting from head to toe': Weight-loss drugs boost popularity of surgeries to remove extra skin. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2024/12/09/health/extra-skin-major-weight-loss

Grand View Research. (n.d.). Anxiety disorders and depression treatment market. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/anxiety-disorders-and-depression-treatment-market

Grand View Research. (2025). Alcoholic drinks market. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/alcoholic-drinks-market-report

Hendershot, C. S., Wardell, J. D., Ramchandani, V. A., Gilman, J. M., & Skinner, M. D. (2025). Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with alcohol use disorder. JAMA Psychiatry, 82(4), 395. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.4789

Holland, O. (2025, July 30). 'Ozempic face' may be driving a cosmetic surgery boom. CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2025/07/30/style/ozempic-face-cosmetic-surgery

Hristakeva, S., Liaukonyte, J., & Feler, L. (2024). The no-hunger games: How GLP-1 medication adoption is changing consumer food purchases [Working paper]. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5073929

Jastreboff, A. M., Aronne, L. J., Ahmad, N. N., Wharton, S., Connery, L., Alves, B., Kiyosue, A., Zhang, S., Liu, B., Bunck, M. C., & Stefanski, A. (2022). Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 387(3), 205–216. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2206038

Jerlhag, E. (2025). GLP-1 receptor agonists: Promising therapeutic targets for alcohol use disorder. Endocrinology, 166(4). https://doi.org/10.1210/endocr/bqaf028

Johnson, B., Milstead, M., Thomas, O., McGlassen, T., Green, L., Krieder, R., & Jones, R. (2025). Investigating nutrient intake during use of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Nutrition, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1566498

Johnson, D. (2025, February 7). Do GLP-1 drugs mean flat growth for snacks? EY Parthenon. https://www.ey.com/en_us/insights/strategy/use-of-glp-1-drugs-by-dieters-may-impact-snack-brands

Kagan, J. (2021, June 24). Longevity risk: What it is, how it works, special considerations. Investopedia. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/longevityrisk.asp

Kapner, S. (2024, June 16). Ozempic fuels hunt for smaller clothes. The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/business/retail/ozempic-clothing-sizes-weight-loss-80f9f83d

Kinsey Institute. (2025, July 16). Survey shows GLP-1 weight-loss drugs are changing sex and dating for 50–60% of users. https://news.iu.edu/kinseyinstitute/live/news/46263-survey-shows-glp-1-weight-loss-drugs-are-changing

Kornelius, E., Huang, J.-Y., Lo, S.-C., Huang, C.-N., & Yang, Y.-S. (2024). The risk of depression, anxiety, and suicidal behavior in patients with obesity on glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist therapy. Scientific Reports, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-75965-2

Kresge, N., & Wass, S. (2024, May 30). The secret Ozempic recipe behind Novo's race to boost supplies. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2024-05-30/ozempic-maker-novo-nordisk-spends-billions-to-ramp-up-drug-supply

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Lin, H.-T., Tsai, Y.-F., Liao, P.-L., & Wei, J. C.-C. (2025). Neurodegeneration and stroke after semaglutide and tirzepatide in patients with diabetes and obesity. JAMA Network Open, 8(7), e2521016. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.21016

Lincoff, A. M., Brown-Frandsen, K., Colhoun, H. M., Deanfield, J., Emerson, S. S., Esbjerg, S., Hardt-Lindberg, S., Hovingh, G. K., Kahn, S. E., Kushner, R. F., Lingvay, I., Oral, T. K., Michelsen, M. M., Plutzky, J., Lincoff, A. M., & Ryan, D. H. (2023). Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. New England Journal of Medicine, 389(24), 2221–2232. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2307563

Look, M., Barakat, A., Bartke, N., Garvey, W. T., Aronne, L. J., Wadden, T. A., Jastreboff, A. M., & le Roux, C. W. (2025). Body composition changes during weight reduction with tirzepatide in the SURMOUNT-1 study of adults with obesity or overweight. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, 27(5), 2720–2729. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16275

Mastaitis, J. W., Gomez, D., Raya, J. G., Li, D., Min, S., Stec, M., Kleiner, S., McWilliams, T., Altarejos, J. Y., Murphy, A. J., Yancopoulos, G. D., & Sleeman, M. W. (2025). GDF8 and activin A blockade protects against GLP-1–induced muscle loss while enhancing fat loss in obese male mice and non-human primates. Nature Communications, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59485-9

Medaris, A. (2025, July 1). A new era of weight loss: Mental health effects of GLP-1 drugs. American Psychological Association Monitor. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2025/07-08/weight-loss-drugs-mental-health

Miller, A., Joyce, B., Bartelt, K., & Deckert, J. (n.d.). Most GLP-1 medications correlated with a lower likelihood of anxiety and depression diagnoses. Epic Research. https://epicresearch.org/articles/most-glp-1-medications-correlated-with-a-lower-likelihood-of-anxiety-and-depression-diagnoses

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Packer, M., Zile, M. R., Kramer, C. M., Baum, S. J., Litwin, S. E., Menon, V., Ge, J., Weerakkody, G. J., Ou, Y., Bunck, M. C., Hurt, K., & Gottdiener, J. S. (2025). Tirzepatide for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity. New England Journal of Medicine, 392(5), 427–437. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2410027

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Rubino, D., Abrahamsson, N., Davies, M., Hesse, D., Greenway, F. L., Jensen, C., Lingvay, I., Mosenzon, O., Rosenstock, J., Rubio, M. A., Rudofsky, G., Tadayon, S., Wadden, T. A., & Dicker, D. (2021). Effect of continued weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo on weight loss maintenance in adults with overweight or obesity. JAMA, 325(14), 1414. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.3224

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Tangermann, V. (2024, March 27). Ozempic is being sold for hundreds of times what it costs to make. Futurism. https://futurism.com/neoscope/ozempic-huge-markup

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